Biol 324 Introduction to Seed Plant Taxonomy

LINNAEUS' SEXUAL SYSTEM

Classis 1. Monandria » flowers with one stamen

• Ordo 1. Monogynia (one pistil) - Canna, Amomum, Costus, Alpinia, Maranta, Curcuma, Kaempferia, Thalia, Boerhavia, Salicornia, Hippuris.
• Ordo 2. Digynia (two pistils) - Corispermum, Callitriche, Blitum, Cinna

Classis 2. Diandria » flowers with two stamens

• Ordo 1. Monogynia (with one pistil) - Nyctanthes, Jasminum, Ligustrum, Phillyrea, Olea, Chionanthus, Syringa, Eranthemum, Circaea, Veronica, Justicia, Gratiola, Pinguicula, Utricularia, Verbena, Lycopus, Amethystea, Ziziphora, Monarda, Rosmarinus, Salvia, Dianthera, Collinsonia, Morina.
• Ordo 2. Digynia (with two pistils) - Anthoxanthum, Bufonia.
• Ordo 3. Trigynia (with three pistils) - Piper

Classis 3. Triandria » flowers with three stamens.

• Ordo 1. Monogynia (with one pistil) - Valeriana, Hirtella, Olax, Tamarindus, Cneorum, Melothria, Ortegia, Loeflingia, Polycnemum, Cassytha, Crocus, Ixia, Gladiolus, Antholyza, Iris, Commelina, Xyris, Schoenus, Cyperus, Scirpus, Eriophorum, Lygeum, Nardus.
• Ordo 2. Digynia (with two pistils) - Bobartia, Cornucopiae, Saccharum, Phalaris, Panicum, Phleum, Alopecurus, Milium, Agrostis, Aira, Melica, Poa, Briza, Uniola, Dactylis, Cynosurus, Festuca, Bromus, Stipa, Avena, Lagurus, Arundo, Aristida, Apluda, Lolium, Elymus, Secale, Hordeum, Triticum.
• Ordo 3. Trigynia (with three pistils) - Eriocaulon, Montia, Proserpinaca, Holosteum, Mollugo, Minuartia, Queria, Lechea

Classis 4. Tetrandria » flowers with four stamens.

• Ordo 1. Monogynia (with one pistil) - Leucadendron, Protea, Cephalanthus, Globularia, Dipsacus, Scabiosa, Knautia, Hedyotis, Spermacoce, Sherardia, Asperula, Diodia, Knoxia, Houstonia, Galium, Crucianella, Rubia, Siphonanthus, Catesbaea, Ixora, Scurrula, Pavetta, Avicennia, Mitchella, Callicarpa, Polypremum, Penaea, Blaeria, Buddleja, Exacum, Plantago, Scoparia, Centunculus, Sanguisorba, Cissus, Epimedium, Cornus, Tomex, Ptelea, Ludwigia, Oldenlandia, Ammannia, Isnardia, Trapa, Dorstenia, Elaeagnus, Brabejum, Rivina, Salvadora, Camphorosma, Alchemilla.
• Ordo 2. Digynia (with two pistils) - Aphanes, Bufonia, Hamamelis, Cuscuta, Hypecoum.
• Ordo 3. Tetragynia (with four pistils) - Ilex, Coldenia, Potamogeton, Ruppia, Sagina, Tillaea

Classis 5. Pentandria » flowers with five stamens.

• Ordo 1. Monogynia (with one pistil) - Heliotropium, Myosotis, Lithospermum, Anchusa, Cynoglossum, Pulmonaria, Symphytum, Cerinthe, Borago, Asperugo, Lycopsis, Echium, Tournefortia, Diapensia, Aretia, Androsace, Primula, Cortusa, Soldanella, Dodecatheon, Cyclamen, Menyanthes, Hottonia, Hydrophyllum, Lysimachia, Anagallis, Theophrasta, Patagonula, Spigelia, Ophiorhiza, Randia, Azalea, Plumbago, Phlox, Convolvulus, Ipomoea, Polemonium, Campanula, Roella, Phyteuma, Trachelium , Samolus, Rondeletia, Bellonia, Cinchona, Coffea, Lonicera, Triosteum, Morinda, Conocarpus, Mussaenda, Mirabilis, Coris, Verbascum, Datura, Hyoscyamus, Nicotiana, Mandragora, Atropa, Physalis, Solanum, Capsicum, Strychnos, Chironia, Cordia, Genipa, Brunfelsia, Cestrum, Lycium, Chrysophyllum, Sideroxylon, Rhamnus, Phylica, Ceanothus, Myrsine, Celastrus, Euonymus, Diosma, Brunia, Itea, Galax, Mangifera, Cupania, Ribes, Gronovia, Hedera, Vitis, Lagoecia, Sauvagesia, Claytonia, Achyranthes, Celosia, Illecebrum, Glaux, Thesium, Rauvolfia, Cerbera, Vinca, Nerium, Plumeria, Cameraria, Tabernaemontana, Ceropegia.
• Ordo 2. Digynia (with two pistils) - Periploca, Cynanchum, Apocynum, Asclepias, Stapelia, Herniaria, Chenopodium, Beta, Salsola, Anabasis, Cressa, Trianthema, Gomphrena, Bosea, Ulmus, Nama, Heuchera, Swertia, Gentiana, Phyllis, Eryngium, Hydrocotyle, Sanicula, Astrantia, Bupleurum, Echinophora, Tordylium, Caucalis, Artedia, Daucus, Ammi, Bunium, Conium, Selinum, Athamantha, Peucedanum, Crithmum, Cachrys, Ferula, Laserpitium, Heracleum, Ligusticum, Angelica, Sium, Sison, Bubon, Cuminum, Oenanthe, Phellandrium, Cicuta, Aethusa, Coriandrum, Scandix, Chaerophyllum, Imperatoria, Seseli, Thapsia, Pastinaca, Smyrnium, Anethum, Carum, Pimpinella, Apium, Aegopodium.
• Ordo 3. Trigynia (with three pistils) - Rhus, Viburnum, Cassine, Sambucus, Zanthoxylum, Staphylea, Tamarix, Turnera, Telephium, Corrigiola, Pharnaceum, Alsine, Basella, Sarothra.
• Ordo 4. Tetragynia (with four pistils) - Parnassia.
• Ordo 5. Pentagynia (with five pistils) - Aralia, Barreria, Statice, Linum, Aldrovanda, Drosera, Crassula, Suriana, Sibbaldia.
• Ordo 6. Polygynia - Myosurus

Classis 6. Hexandria » flowers with six stamens.

• Ordo 1. Monogynia (with one pistil) - Bromelia, Tillandsia, Renealmia, Burmannia, Tradescantia, Pontederia, Galanthus, Leucojum, Narcissus, Pancratium, Crinum, Amaryllis, Bulbocodium, Aphyllanthes, Allium, Lilium, Fritillaria, Uvularia, Gloriosa, Erythronium, Tulipa, Ornithogalum, Scilla, Asphodelus, Anthericum, Leontice, Asparagus, Convallaria, Polianthes, Hyacinthus, Cyanella, Aletris, Yucca, Aloe, Agave, Hemerocallis, Acorus, Orontium, Haemanthus, Calamus, Juncus, Richardia, Prinos, Berberis, Loranthus, Frankenia, Peplis.
• Ordo 2. Digynia (with two pistils) - Velezia, Oryza, Atraphaxis.
• Ordo 3. Trigynia (with three pistils) - Flagellaria, Rumex, Scheuchzeria, Triglochin, Melanthium, Medeola, Trillium, Menispermum, Saururus, Colchicum, Helonias.
• Ordo 4. Tetragynia (with four pistils) - Petiveria.
• Ordo 5. Polygynia - Alisma

Classis 7. Heptandria » flowers with seven stamens.

• Ordo » Monogynia (with one pistil) - Trientalis, Aesculus

Classis 8. Octandria » flowers with eight stamens.

• Ordo 1. Monogynia (with one pistil) - Tropaeolum, Osbeckia, Rhexia, Oenothera, Gaura, Epilobium, Grislea, Allophylus, Mimusops, Jambolifera, Santalum, Memecylon, Lawsonia, Vaccinium, Erica, Daphne, Dirca, Gnidia, Stellera, Passerina, Lachnaea, Baeckea.
• Ordo 2. Digynia (with two pistils) - Galenia, Moehringia.
• Ordo 3. Trigynia (with three pistils) - Polygonum, Paullinia, Cardiospermum, Sapindus.
• Ordo 4. Tetragynia (with four pistils) - Paris, Adoxa, Elatine

Classis 9. Enneandria » flowers with nine stamens.

• Ordo 1. Monogynia (with one pistil) - Laurus.
• Ordo 2. Trigynia (with three pistils) - Spondias, Rheum.
• Ordo 3. Hexagynia (with six pistils) - Butomus

Classis 10. Decandria » flowers with ten stamens.

• Ordo 1. Monogynia (with one pistil) - Sophora, Anagyris, Cercis, Bauhinia, Parkinsonia, Cassia, Poinciana, Caesalpinia, Guilandina, Guaiacum, Cynometra, Anacardium, Dictamnus, Ruta, Toluifera, Haematoxylum, Adenanthera, Melia, Zygophyllum, Fagonia, Tribulus, Monotropa, Jussiaea, Schinus, Bartramia, Melastoma, Kalmia, Ledum, Rhododendron, Andromeda, Epigaea, Gaultheria, Arbutus, Clethra, Pyrola.
• Ordo 2. Digynia (with two pistils) - Royena, Hydrangea, Chrysosplenium, Saxifraga, Tiarella, Mitella, Scleranthus, Gypsophila, Saponaria, Dianthus.
• Ordo 3. Trigynia (with three pistils) - Drypis, Cucubalus, Silene, Stellaria, Arenaria, Cherleria, Garidella, Malpighia, Banisteria, Triopteris.
• Ordo 4. Pentagynia (with five pistils) - Averrhoa, Cotyledon, Sedum, Penthorum, Oxalis, Agrostemma, Lychnis, Cerastium, Spergula.
• Ordo 5. Decagynia (with ten pistils) - Neurada, Phytolacca

Classis 11. Dodecandria » flowers with twelve stamens.

• Ordo 1. Monogynia (with one pistil) - Asarum, Gethyllis, Rhizophora, Samyda, Garcinia, Styrax, Crateva, Triumfetta, Peganum, Portulaca, Lythrum.
• Ordo 2. Digynia (with two pistils) - Heliocarpus, Agrimonia.
• Ordo 3. Trigynia (with three pistils) - Reseda, Euphorbia.
• Ordo 4. Pentagynia (with five pistils) - Glinus.
• Ordo 5. Polygynia (numerous pistils) - Sempervivum

Classis 12. Icosandria » flowers with twenty (or more) stamens, perigynous.

• Ordo 1. Monogynia (with one pistil) - Cactus, Philadelphus, Psidium, Eugenia, Myrtus, Punica, Amygdalus, Prunus.
• Ordo 2. Digynia (with two pistils) - Crataegus.
• Ordo 3. Trigynia (with three pistils) - Sorbus.
• Ordo 4. Pentagynia (with five pistils) - Mespilus, Pyrus, Tetragonia, Mesembryanthemum, Aizoon, Spiraea, Dalibarda.
• Ordo 5. Polygynia (numerous pistils) - Rosa, Rubus, Fragaria, Potentilla, Tormentilla, Geum, Dryas, Comarum

Classis 13. Polyandria » flowers with many stamens, inserted on receptacle.

• Ordo 1. Monogynia (with one pistil) - Marcgravia, Morisonia, Breynia, Capparis, Actaea, Bocconia, Sanguinaria, Podophyllum, Chelidonium, Papaver, Argemone, Muntingia, Cambogia, Clusia, Sarracenia, Nymphaea, Bombax, Bixa, Sloanea, Mammea, Ochna, Chrysobalanus, Calophyllum, Tilia, Microcos, Elaeocarpus, Delima, Mesua, Vateria, Thea, Caryophyllus, Mentzelia, Plinia, Mimosa, Cistus, Corchorus.
• Ordo 2. Digynia (with two pistils) - Paeonia, Calligonum.
• Ordo 3. Trigynia (with three pistils) - Delphinium, Aconitum.
• Ordo 4. Tetragynia (with four pistils) - Tetracera.
• Ordo 5. Pentagynia (with five pistils) - Aquilegia, Nigella.
• Ordo 6. Hexagynia (with six pistils) - Stratiotes.
• Ordo 7. Polygynia (numerous pistils) - Dillenia, Liriodendron, Magnolia, Michelia, Uvaria, Annona, Anemone, Atragene, Clematis, Thalictrum, Adonis, Ranunculus, Trollius, Isopyrum, Helleborus, Caltha

Classis 14. Didynamia » flowers with 4 unequal stamens (2 long, 2 short).

• Ordo 1. Gymnospermia ("seeds" [mericarps] naked) - Ajuga, Teucrium, Satureja, Thymbra, Hyssopus, Nepeta, Lavandula, Betonica, Sideritis, Mentha, Glecoma, Orvala, Lamium, Galeopsis, Stachys, Ballota, Marrubium, Leonurus, Phlomis, Moluccella, Clinopodium, Origanum, Thymus, Melissa, Dracocephalum, Horminum, Melittis, Ocimum, Trichostema, Scutellaria, Prunella, Prasium, Phryma.
• Ordo 2. Angiospermia (seeds surrounded by fruit wall) - Bartsia, Rhinanthus, Euphrasia, Melampyrum, Lathraea, Schwalbea, Tozzia, Pedicularis, Gerardia, Chelone, Gesneria, Antirrhinum, Cymbaria, Craniolaria, Martynia, Torenia, Besleria, Scrophularia, Celsia, Digitalis, Bignonia, Citharexylum, Halleria, Crescentia, Gmelina, Petrea, Lantana, Cornutia, Loeselia, Capraria, Selago, Hebenstretia, Erinus, Buchnera, Browallia, Linnaea, Sibthorpia, Limosella, Aeginetia, Obolaria, Orobanche, Dodartia, Lippia, Sesamum, Mimulus, Ruellia, Barleria, Duranta, Ovieda, Volkameria, Clerodendrum, Vitex, Bontia, Columnea, Acanthus.
• Ordo 3. Polypetala (petals free) - Melianthus

Classis 15. Tetradynamia » flowers with 6 unequal stamens (4 long, 2 short).

• Ordo 1. Siliculosa (fruit a silicula) - Myagrum, Vella, Anastatica, Subularia, Draba, Lepidium, Thlaspi, Cochlearia, Iberis, Alyssum, Clypeola, Biscutella, Lunaria.
• Ordo 2. Siliquosa (fruit a siliqua) - Dentaria, Cardamine, Sisymbrium, Erysimum, Cheiranthus, Hesperis, Arabis, Turritis, Brassica, Sinapis, Raphanus, Bunias, Isatis, Crambe, Cleome

Classis 16. Monadelphia » stamens united in a single group.

• Ordo 1. Pentandria (with five stamens) - Waltheria, Hermannia, Melochia.
• Ordo 2. Decandria (with ten stamens) - Connarus, Hugonia, Geranium.
• Ordo 3. Polyandria (with twenty or more stamens) - Sida, Napaea, Althaea, Alcea, Malva, Lavatera, Malope, Urena, Gossypium, Hibiscus, Pentapetes, Stewartia, Camellia

Classis 17. Diadelphia » stamens united in two groups.

• Ordo 1. Hexandria (with six stamens) - Fumaria.
• Ordo 2. Octandria (with eight stamens) - Polygala.
• Ordo 3. Decandria (with ten stamens) - Erythrina, Securidaca, Borbonia, Spartium, Genista, Aspalathus, Amorpha, Aeschynomene, Galega, Crotalaria, Ononis, Anthyllis, Lupinus, Robinia, Colutea, Phaseolus, Dolichos, Pisum, Orobus, Lathyrus, Vicia, Cicer, Ervum, Cytisus, Ulex, Arachis, Glycyrrhiza, Coronilla, Ornithopus, Hippocrepis, Scorpiurus, Hedysarum, Indigofera, Cracca, Clitoria, Glycine, Phaca, Astragalus, Biserrula, Psoralea, Ebenus, Trifolium, Lotus, Trigonella, Medicago

Classis 18. Polyadelphia » stamens united in several groups.

• Ordo 1. Pentandria (with five stamens) - Theobroma.
• Ordo 2. Icosandria (twenty or more stamens, perigynous) - Citrus.
• Ordo 3. Polyandria (twenty or more stamens inserted on the receptacle) - Hypericum, Ascyrum

Classis 19. Syngenesia » flowers with 5 stamens, the anthers joined at margins.

• Ordo 1. Polygamia aequalis (all flowers in capitulum hermaphrodite) - Tragopogon, Scorzonera, Picris, Sonchus, Lactuca, Chondrilla, Prenanthes, Leontodon, Hieracium, Crepis, Andryala, Hyoseris, Hypochaeris, Lapsana, Catananche, Cichorium, Scolymus, Elephantopus, Gundelia, Echinops, Arctium, Serratula, Carduus, Cnicus, Onopordum, Cynara, Carlina, Atractylis, Carthamus, Stoebe, Bidens, Cacalia, Eupatorium, Ageratum, Staehelina, Chrysocoma, Tarchonanthus, Santolina, Tanacetum.
• Ordo 2. Polygamia superflua (outer flowers in capitulum pistillate) - Artemisia, Gnaphalium, Xeranthemum, Carpesium, Baccharis, Conyza, Erigeron, Tussilago, Senecio, Aster, Solidago, Inula, Arnica, Doronicum, Helenium, Bellis, Tagetes, Chrysanthemum, Matricaria, Cotula, Anacyclus, Anthemis, Achillea, Tridax, Sigesbeckia, Verbesina, Tetragonotheca, Buphthalmum.
• Ordo 3. Polygamia frustranea (inner flowers of capitulum hermaphrodite, outer flowers neuter) - Helianthus, Rudbeckia, Coreopsis, Centaurea.
• Ordo 4. Polygamia necessaria (outer flowers of capitulum pistillate, inner flowers functionally male) - Milleria, Silphium, Chrysogonum, Melampodium, Calendula, Arctotis, Osteospermum, Othonna, Polymnia, Eriocephalus, Filago, Micropus, Sphaeranthus.
• Ordo 5. Monogamia (without capitula but stamens united). - Seriphium, Corymbium, Jasione, Lobelia, Viola, Impatiens

Classis 20. Gynandria » flowers with the stamens joined to the pistils.

• Ordo 1. Diandria (with two stamens) - Orchis, Satyrium, Ophrys, Serapias, Limodorum, Arethusa, Cypripedium, Epidendrum.
• Ordo 2. Triandria (with three stamens) - Sisyrinchium.
• Ordo 3. Tetrandria (with four stamens) - Nepenthes.
• Ordo 4. Pentandria (with five stamens) - Passiflora.
• Ordo 5. Hexandria (with six stamens) - Aristolochia, Pistia.
• Ordo 6. Decandria (with ten stamens) - Helicteres.
• Ordo 7. Polyandria (with twenty or more stamens) - Grewia, Arum, Dracontium, Calla, Pothos, Zostera

Classis 21. Monoecia » monoecious plants.

• Ordo 1. Monandria (with one stamen) - Zannichellia, Ceratocarpus, Cynomorium.
• Ordo 2. Diandria (with two stamens) - Lemna.
• Ordo 3. Triandria (with three stamens) - Typha, Sparganium, Zea, Coix, Carex, Axyris, Tragia, Hernandia, Phyllanthus.
• Ordo 4. Tetrandria (with four stamens) - Betula, Buxus, Urtica, Morus.
• Ordo 5. Pentandria (with five stamens) - Xanthium, Ambrosia, Parthenium, Iva, Amaranthus.
• Ordo 6. Hexandria (with six stamens) - Zizania.
• Ordo 7. Heptandria (with seven stamens) - Guettarda.
• Ordo 8. Polyandria (with twenty or more stamens) - Ceratophyllum, Myriophyllum, Sagittaria, Theligonum, Poterium, Quercus, Juglans, Fagus, Carpinus, Corylus, Platanus, Liquidambar.
• Ordo 9. Monadelphia (stamens united by the filaments). - Pinus, Thuja, Cupressus, Acalypha, Croton, Jatropha, Ricinus, Sterculia, Plukenetia, Hura.
• Ordo 10. Syngenesia (stamens united by the anthers) - Trichosanthes, Momordica, Cucurbita, Cucumis, Bryonia, Sicyos, Fevillea.
• Ordo 11. Gynandria (stamens united to the pistil) - Andrachne

Classis 22. Dioecia » dioecious plants.

• Ordo 1. Monandria (with one stamen) - Najas.
• Ordo 2. Diandria (with two stamens) - Vallisneria, Salix.
• Ordo 3. Triandria (with three stamens) - Empetrum, Osyris.
• Ordo 4. Tetrandria (with four stamens) - Viscum, Hippophae, Myrica.
• Ordo 5. Pentandria (with five stamens) - Pistacia, Ceratonia, Pisonia, Antidesma, Spinacia, Acnida, Cannabis, Humulus, Zanonia.
• Ordo 6. Hexandria (with six stamens) - Tamus, Smilax, Cissampelos, Rajania, Dioscorea.
• Ordo 7. Octandria (with eight stamens) - Populus, Rhodiola.
• Ordo 8. Enneandria (with nine stamens) - Mercurialis, Hydrocharis.
• Ordo 9. Decandria (with ten stamens) - Carica, Kiggelaria, Coriaria, Datisca.
• Ordo 10. Polyandria (with twenty or more stamens) - Cliffortia.
• Ordo 11. Monadelphia (stamens united by the filaments) - Juniperus, Taxus, Ephedra.
• Ordo 12. Syngenesia (stamens united by the anthers) - Ruscus.
• Ordo 13. Gynandria (stamens united with the pistil) - Clutia

Classis 23. Polygamia » polygamodioecious plants.

• Ordo 1. Monoecia (hermaphrodite and unisexual flowers in the same individual) - Musa, Ophioxylon, Celtis, Veratrum, Andropogon, Holcus, Ischaemum, Cenchrus, Aegilops, Valantia, Parietaria, Atriplex, Dalechampia, Acer, Begonia.
• Ordo 2. Dioecia (with hermaphrodite flowers in one individual and unisexual flowers in another individual) - Gleditsia, Fraxinus, Diospyros, Nyssa, Anthospermum, Arctopus, Panax.
• Ordo 3. Trioecia (with three sexes, male, female and hermaphrodite on separate plants) - Ficus

Classis 24. Cryptogamia » plants with "hidden" sexual organs, including all the "lower" plants.

• Ordo 1. Filices - Onoclea, Ophioglossum, Osmunda, Agrosticum, Pteris, Blechnum, Hemionitis, Lonchitis, Asplenium, Polypodium, Adiantum, Trichomanes, Marsilea, Pilularia, Isoetes.
• Ordo 2. Musci - Lycopodium, Porella, Sphagnum, Fontinalis, Splachnum, Polytrichum, Mnium, Bryum, Hypnum.
• Ordo 3. Algae - Jungermannia, Targionia, Marchantia, Blasia, Riccia, Anthoceros, Lichen, Chara, Tremella, Fucus, Ulva, Conferva, Byssus, Spongia, Lithoxylon.
• Ordo 4. Fungi - Agaricus, Boletus, Hydnum, Phallus, Clathrus, Elvela, Peziza, Clavaria, Lycoperdon, Mucor